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CI(1) CI(1) NNAAMMEE ci - check in RCS revisions SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ccii [_o_p_t_i_o_n_s] _f_i_l_e ... DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN ccii stores new revisions into RCS files. Each pathname matching an RCS suffix is taken to be an RCS file. All others are assumed to be working files containing new revisions. ccii deposits the contents of each working file into the corresponding RCS file. If only a working file is given, ccii tries to find the corresponding RCS file in an RCS subdirectory and then in the working file's directory. For more details, see FILE NAMING below. For ccii to work, the caller's login must be on the access list, except if the access list is empty or the caller is the superuser or the owner of the file. To append a new revision to an existing branch, the tip revision on that branch must be locked by the caller. Otherwise, only a new branch can be created. This restriction is not enforced for the owner of the file if non-strict locking is used (see rrccss(1)). A lock held by someone else may be broken with the rrccss command. Unless the --ff option is given, ccii checks whether the revision to be deposited differs from the preceding one. If not, instead of creating a new revision ccii reverts to the preceding one. To revert, ordinary ccii removes the working file and any lock; ccii --ll keeps and ccii --uu removes any lock, and then they both generate a new working file much as if ccoo --ll or ccoo --uu had been applied to the preceding revision. When reverting, any --nn and --ss options apply to the preceding revision. For each revision deposited, ccii prompts for a log message. The log message should summarize the change and must be terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing .. by itself. If several files are checked in ccii asks whether to reuse the previous log message. If the standard input is not a terminal, ccii suppresses the prompt and uses the same log message for all files. See also --mm. If the RCS file does not exist, ccii creates it and deposits the contents of the working file as the initial revision (default number: 11..11). The access list is initialized to empty. Instead of the log message, ccii requests descriptive text (see --tt below). The number _r_e_v of the deposited revision can be given by any of the options --ff, --ii, --II, --jj, --kk, --ll, --MM, --qq, --rr, or --uu. _r_e_v may be symbolic, numeric, or mixed. If _r_e_v is $$, ccii determines the revision number from keyword values in GNU 1992/07/28 1 CI(1) CI(1) the working file. If _r_e_v is a revision number, it must be higher than the latest one on the branch to which _r_e_v belongs, or must start a new branch. If _r_e_v is a branch rather than a revision number, the new revision is appended to that branch. The level number is obtained by incrementing the tip revision number of that branch. If _r_e_v indicates a non-existing branch, that branch is created with the initial revision numbered _r_e_v..11. If _r_e_v is omitted, ccii tries to derive the new revision number from the caller's last lock. If the caller has locked the tip revision of a branch, the new revision is appended to that branch. The new revision number is obtained by incrementing the tip revision number. If the caller locked a non-tip revision, a new branch is started at that revision by incrementing the highest branch number at that revision. The default initial branch and level numbers are 11. If _r_e_v is omitted and the caller has no lock, but owns the file and locking is not set to _s_t_r_i_c_t, then the revision is appended to the default branch (normally the trunk; see the --bb option of rrccss(1)). Exception: On the trunk, revisions can be appended to the end, but not inserted. OOPPTTIIOONNSS --rr_r_e_v Check in revision _r_e_v. --rr The bare --rr option (without any revision) has an unusual meaning in ccii. With other RCS commands, a bare --rr option specifies the most recent revision on the default branch, but with ccii, a bare --rr option reestablishes the default behavior of releasing a lock and removing the working file, and is used to override any default --ll or --uu options established by shell aliases or scripts. --ll[_r_e_v] works like --rr, except it performs an additional ccoo --ll for the deposited revision. Thus, the deposited revision is immediately checked out again and locked. This is useful for saving a revision although one wants to continue editing it after the checkin. --uu[_r_e_v] works like --ll, except that the deposited revision is not locked. This lets one read the working file GNU 1992/07/28 2 CI(1) CI(1) immediately after checkin. The --ll, bare --rr, and --uu options are mutually exclusive and silently override each other. For example, ccii --uu --rr is equivalent to ccii --rr because bare --rr overrides --uu. --ff[_r_e_v] forces a deposit; the new revision is deposited even it is not different from the preceding one. --kk[_r_e_v] searches the working file for keyword values to determine its revision number, creation date, state, and author (see ccoo(1)), and assigns these values to the deposited revision, rather than computing them locally. It also generates a default login message noting the login of the caller and the actual checkin date. This option is useful for software distribution. A revision that is sent to several sites should be checked in with the --kk option at these sites to preserve the original number, date, author, and state. The extracted keyword values and the default log message may be overridden with the options --dd, --mm, --ss, --ww, and any option that carries a revision number. --qq[_r_e_v] quiet mode; diagnostic output is not printed. A revision that is not different from the preceding one is not deposited, unless --ff is given. --ii[_r_e_v] initial checkin; report an error if the RCS file already exists. This avoids race conditions in certain applications. --jj[_r_e_v] just checkin and do not initialize; report an error if the RCS file does not already exist. --II[_r_e_v] interactive mode; the user is prompted and questioned even if the standard input is not a terminal. --dd[_d_a_t_e] uses _d_a_t_e for the checkin date and time. The _d_a_t_e is specified in free format as explained in ccoo(1). This is useful for lying about the checkin date, and for --kk if no date is available. If _d_a_t_e is empty, the working file's time of last modification is used. GNU 1992/07/28 3 CI(1) CI(1) --MM[_r_e_v] Set the modification time on any new working file to be the date of the retrieved revision. For example, ccii --dd --MM --uu _f does not alter _f's modification time, even if _f's contents change due to keyword substitution. Use this option with care; it can confuse mmaakkee(1). --mm_m_s_g uses the string _m_s_g as the log message for all revisions checked in. --nn_n_a_m_e assigns the symbolic name _n_a_m_e to the number of the checked-in revision. ccii prints an error message if _n_a_m_e is already assigned to another number. --NN_n_a_m_e same as --nn, except that it overrides a previous assignment of _n_a_m_e. --ss_s_t_a_t_e sets the state of the checked-in revision to the identifier _s_t_a_t_e. The default state is EExxpp. --tt_f_i_l_e writes descriptive text from the contents of the named _f_i_l_e into the RCS file, deleting the existing text. The _f_i_l_e may not begin with --. --tt--_s_t_r_i_n_g Write descriptive text from the _s_t_r_i_n_g into the RCS file, deleting the existing text. The --tt option, in both its forms, has effect only during an initial checkin; it is silently ignored otherwise. During the initial checkin, if --tt is not given, ccii obtains the text from standard input, terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing .. by itself. The user is prompted for the text if interaction is possible; see --II. For backward compatibility with older versions of RCS, a bare --tt option is ignored. --TT Preserve the modification time on the RCS file unless a new revision is added. If you have locked a revision, ccii usually updates the RCS file's modification time even when reverting to the previous revision, because the lock is stored in the RCS file and removing the lock requires changing the RCS file. However, ccii --TT preserves the RCS file's modification time if no new revision is added, even if the RCS file changes because a lock is removed or because the --nn or --ss options affect the previous revision. This option can GNU 1992/07/28 4 CI(1) CI(1) suppress extensive recompilation caused by a mmaakkee(1) dependency of some other copy of the working file on the RCS file. Use this option with care; it can suppress recompilation even when it is needed, i.e. when the change of lock, symbolic name, or state would mean a change to keyword strings in the other working file. --ww_l_o_g_i_n uses _l_o_g_i_n for the author field of the deposited revision. Useful for lying about the author, and for --kk if no author is available. --VV Print s version number. --VV_n Emulate RCS version _n. See ccoo(1) for details. --xx_s_u_f_f_i_x_e_s specifies the suffixes for RCS files. A nonempty suffix matches any pathname ending in the suffix. An empty suffix matches any pathname of the form RRCCSS//_p_a_t_h or _p_a_t_h_1//RRCCSS//_p_a_t_h_2_. The --xx option can specify a list of suffixes separated by //. For example, --xx,,vv// specifies two suffixes: ,,vv and the empty suffix. If two or more suffixes are specified, they are tried in order when looking for an RCS file; the first one that works is used for that file. If no RCS file is found but an RCS file can be created, the suffixes are tried in order to determine the new RCS file's name. The default for _s_u_f_f_i_x_e_s is installation-dependent; normally it is ,,vv// for hosts like Unix that permit commas in filenames, and is empty (i.e. just the empty suffix) for other hosts. FFIILLEE NNAAMMIINNGG Pairs of RCS files and working files may be specified in three ways (see also the example section). 1) Both the RCS file and the working file are given. The RCS pathname is of the form _p_a_t_h_1//_w_o_r_k_f_i_l_e_X and the working pathname is of the form _p_a_t_h_2//_w_o_r_k_f_i_l_e where _p_a_t_h_1// and _p_a_t_h_2// are (possibly different or empty) paths, _w_o_r_k_f_i_l_e is a filename, and _X is an RCS suffix. If _X is empty, _p_a_t_h_1// must start with RRCCSS// or must contain //RRCCSS//. 2) Only the RCS file is given. Then the working file is created in the current directory and its name is derived from the name of the RCS file by removing _p_a_t_h_1// and the suffix _X. 3) Only the working file is given. Then ccii considers each RCS suffix _X in turn, looking for an RCS file of the form _p_a_t_h_2//RRCCSS//_w_o_r_k_f_i_l_e_X or (if the former is not found and _X GNU 1992/07/28 5 CI(1) CI(1) is nonempty) _p_a_t_h_2//_w_o_r_k_f_i_l_e_X_. If the RCS file is specified without a path in 1) and 2), ccii looks for the RCS file first in the directory ..//RRCCSS and then in the current directory. ccii reports an error if an attempt to open an RCS file fails for an unusual reason, even if the RCS file's pathname is just one of several possibilities. For example, to suppress use of RCS commands in a directory _d, create a regular file named _d//RRCCSS so that casual attempts to use RCS commands in _d fail because _d//RRCCSS is not a directory. EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS Suppose ,,vv is an RCS suffix and the current directory contains a subdirectory RRCCSS with an RCS file iioo..cc,,vv. Then each of the following commands check in a copy of iioo..cc into RRCCSS//iioo..cc,,vv as the latest revision, removing iioo..cc. ccii iioo..cc;; ccii RRCCSS//iioo..cc,,vv;; ccii iioo..cc,,vv;; ccii iioo..cc RRCCSS//iioo..cc,,vv;; ccii iioo..cc iioo..cc,,vv;; ccii RRCCSS//iioo..cc,,vv iioo..cc;; ccii iioo..cc,,vv iioo..cc;; Suppose instead that the empty suffix is an RCS suffix and the current directory contains a subdirectory RRCCSS with an RCS file iioo..cc. The each of the following commands checks in a new revision. ccii iioo..cc;; ccii RRCCSS//iioo..cc;; ccii iioo..cc RRCCSS//iioo..cc;; ccii RRCCSS//iioo..cc iioo..cc;; FFIILLEE MMOODDEESS An RCS file created by ccii inherits the read and execute permissions from the working file. If the RCS file exists already, ccii preserves its read and execute permissions. ccii always turns off all write permissions of RCS files. FFIILLEESS Several temporary files may be created in the directory containing the working file, and also in the temporary directory (see TTMMPPDDIIRR under EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT). A semaphore file or files are created in the directory containing the RCS file. With a nonempty suffix, the semaphore names begin with the first character of the suffix; therefore, do not specify an suffix whose first character could be that of a working filename. With an empty suffix, the semaphore names end with __ so working filenames should not end in __. ccii never changes an RCS or working file. Normally, ccii unlinks the file and creates a new one; but instead of breaking a chain of one or more symbolic links to an RCS GNU 1992/07/28 6 CI(1) CI(1) file, it unlinks the destination file instead. Therefore, ccii breaks any hard or symbolic links to any working file it changes; and hard links to RCS files are ineffective, but symbolic links to RCS files are preserved. The effective user must be able to search and write the directory containing the RCS file. Normally, the real user must be able to read the RCS and working files and to search and write the directory containing the working file; however, some older hosts cannot easily switch between real and effective users, so on these hosts the effective user is used for all accesses. The effective user is the same as the real user unless your copies of ccii and ccoo have setuid privileges. As described in the next section, these privileges yield extra security if the effective user owns all RCS files and directories, and if only the effective user can write RCS directories. Users can control access to RCS files by setting the permissions of the directory containing the files; only users with write access to the directory can use RCS commands to change its RCS files. For example, in hosts that allow a user to belong to several groups, one can make a group's RCS directories writable to that group only. This approach suffices for informal projects, but it means that any group member can arbitrarily change the group's RCS files, and can even remove them entirely. Hence more formal projects sometimes distinguish between an RCS administrator, who can change the RCS files at will, and other project members, who can check in new revisions but cannot otherwise change the RCS files. SSEETTUUIIDD UUSSEE To prevent anybody but their RCS administrator from deleting revisions, a set of users can employ setuid privileges as follows. +o Check that the host supports RCS setuid use. Consult a trustworthy expert if there are any doubts. It is best if the sseetteeuuiidd(()) system call works as described in Posix 1003.1a Draft 5, because RCS can switch back and forth easily between real and effective users, even if the real user is rroooott. If not, the second best is if the sseettuuiidd(()) system call supports saved setuid (the {_POSIX_SAVED_IDS} behavior of Posix 1003.1-1990); this fails only if the real or effective user is rroooott. If RCS detects any failure in setuid, it quits immediately. +o Choose a user _A to serve as RCS administrator for the set of users. Only _A will be able to invoke the rrccss command on the users' RCS files. _A should not be rroooott or any other user with special powers. Mutually suspicious sets of users should use different administrators. GNU 1992/07/28 7 CI(1) CI(1) +o Choose a pathname _B that will be a directory of files to be executed by the users. +o Have _A set up _B to contain copies of ccii and ccoo that are setuid to _A by copying the commands from their standard installation directory _D as follows: mmkkddiirr _B ccpp _D//cc[[iioo]] _B cchhmmoodd ggoo--ww,,uu++ss _B//cc[[iioo]] +o Have each user prepend _B to their path as follows: PPAATTHH==_B::$$PPAATTHH;; eexxppoorrtt PPAATTHH # ordinary shell sseett ppaatthh==((_B $$ppaatthh)) # C shell +o Have _A create each RCS directory _R with write access only to _A as follows: mmkkddiirr _R cchhmmoodd ggoo--ww _R +o If you want to let only certain users read the RCS files, put the users into a group _G, and have _A further protect the RCS directory as follows: cchhggrrpp _G _R cchhmmoodd gg--ww,,oo--rrwwxx _R +o Have _A copy old RCS files (if any) into _R, to ensure that _A owns them. +o An RCS file's access list limits who can check in and lock revisions. The default access list is empty, which grants checkin access to anyone who can read the RCS file. If you want limit checkin access, have _A invoke rrccss --aa on the file; see rrccss(1). In particular, rrccss --ee --aa_A limits access to just _A. +o Have _A initialize any new RCS files with rrccss --ii before initial checkin, adding the --aa option if you want to limit checkin access. +o Give setuid privileges only to ccii, ccoo, and rrccsscclleeaann; do not give them to rrccss or to any other command. +o Do not use other setuid commands to invoke RCS commands; setuid is trickier than you think! EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT RRCCSSIINNIITT options prepended to the argument list, separated by spaces. A backslash escapes spaces within an option. The RRCCSSIINNIITT options are prepended to the GNU 1992/07/28 8 CI(1) CI(1) argument lists of most RCS commands. Useful RRCCSSIINNIITT options include --qq, --VV, and --xx. TTMMPPDDIIRR Name of the temporary directory. If not set, the environment variables TTMMPP and TTEEMMPP are inspected instead and the first value found is taken; if none of them are set, a host-dependent default is used, typically //ttmmpp. DDIIAAGGNNOOSSTTIICCSS For each revision, ccii prints the RCS file, the working file, and the number of both the deposited and the preceding revision. The exit status is zero if and only if all operations were successful. IIDDEENNTTIIFFIICCAATTIIOONN Author: Walter F. Tichy. Revision Number: 5.12; Release Date: 1992/07/28. Copyright 1982, 1988, 1989 by Walter F. Tichy. Copyright 1990, 1991, 1992 by Paul Eggert. SSEEEE AALLSSOO co(1), ident(1), make(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsintro(1), rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), rcsfile(5) Walter F. Tichy, RCS--A System for Version Control, _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e_-_-_P_r_a_c_t_i_c_e _& _E_x_p_e_r_i_e_n_c_e 1155, 7 (July 1985), 637-654. GNU 1992/07/28 9